« Previous
Next »
Current Problems in Pediatric and Adolescent Health Care
Volume 36, Issue 1
, Pages 6-30
, January 2006
The Diagnosis and Management of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Preschool Children: The State of Our Knowledge and Practice
References
- . The scientific foundation for understanding attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder as a valid psychiatric disorder . Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry . 2005;14(1):1–10
- . Neurobiology of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder . Biol Psychiatry . 1998;44(10):951–958
- Adoptive and biological families of children and adolescents with ADHD . J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry . 2000;39(11):1432–1437
-
.
Manual for the ASEBA preschool forms and profiles
(an integrated system of multi-informant assessment)
. Burlington, VT: University of Vermont, Research Center for Children, Youth, and Families; 2000;
- Heritability of attention problems in children: I. Cross-sectional results from a study of twins, age 3-12 years . Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet . 2003;117(1):102–113
- Hyperactivity in preschool children is highly heritable . J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry . 2001;40(12):1362–1364
- . Genetics of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder . Ment Retard Dev Disabil Res Rev . 1999;5(3):191–198
- Role of dopamine transporter genotype and maternal prenatal smoking in childhood hyperactive-impulsive, inattentive, and oppositional behaviors . J Pediatr . 2003;143(1):104–110
- Association of DRD4 with attention problems in normal childhood development . Psychiatr Genet . 2001;11(1):25–29
- . ADHD (current concepts on etiology, pathophysiology, and neurobiology) . Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am . 2000;9(3):557–572 vii-viii
- . What is attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder? . Pediatr Clin North Am . 1999;46(5):831–843
- . Long-term behavioral sequelae of prematurity . J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry . 1996;35(2):175–183
- . Etiology and pathogenesis of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) (significance of prematurity and perinatal hypoxic-haemodynamic encephalopathy) . Acta Paediatr . 1996;85(11):1266–1271
- ADHD (increased dopamine receptor availability linked to attention deficit and low neonatal cerebral blood flow) . Dev Med Child Neurol . 2004;46(3):179–183
- Maternal smoking during pregnancy and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder symptoms in offspring . Am J Psychiatry . 2003;160(11):1985–1989
- . The nature and heritability of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder . Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am . 2001;10(2):299–316 viii-ix
- Bone lead levels and delinquent behavior . JAMA . 1996;275(5):363–369
- Low-level lead exposure and behavior in early childhood . Pediatrics . 1998;101(3):E10
- Iron deficiency in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder . Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med . 2004;158(12):1113–1115
- . Iron deficiency alters brain development and functioning . J Nutr . 2003;133(5 Suppl 1):1468S–1472S
- Sleep and neurobehavioral characteristics of 5- to 7-year-old children with parentally reported symptoms of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder . Pediatrics . 2003;111(3):554–563
- . Snoring, sleep disturbance, and behaviour in 4-5 year olds . Arch Dis Child . 1993;68(3):360–366
- . Preschoolers at risk for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and oppositional defiant disorder (family, parenting, and behavioral correlates) . J Abnorm Child Psychol . 2002;30(6):555–569
- Early television exposure and subsequent attentional problems in children . Pediatrics . 2004;113(4):708–713
-
.
Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders
(DSM-IV-TR)
. 4th, text revision. ed.. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association; 2000;
- The emergence of attention deficits in early childhood (a prospective study) . J Dev Behav Pediatr . 1985;6(6):339–348
- . Preschool attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (a review of prevalence, diagnosis, neurobiology, and stimulant treatment) . J Dev Behav Pediatr . 2002;23(1 Suppl):S1–S9
- . Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in preschoolers. Does it exist and should we treat it? . Pediatr Clin North Am . 1999;46(5):1011–1025
- DSM-IV field trials for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents . Am J Psychiatry . 1994;151(11):1673–1685
- Validity of DSM-IV attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder for younger children . J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry . 1998;37(7):695–702
- . Maternal report of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder symptoms in preschool children . (commentary) Child Care Health Dev . 2000;26:176–178
- Practice parameter for the use of stimulant medications in the treatment of children, adolescents, and adults . J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry . 2002;41(2 Suppl):26S–49S
- . Clinical practice guideline (diagnosis and evaluation of the child with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder) . Pediatrics . 2000;105(5):1158–1170
- Prevalence and assessment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in primary care settings . Pediatrics . 2001;107(3):E43
- The revised Conners’ Parent Rating Scale (CPRS-R) (factor structure, reliability, and criterion validity) . J Abnorm Child Psychol . 1998;26(4):257–268
-
.
Conners’ Rating Scales-Revised technical manual
. Toronto, Ontario: Multi-health Systems, Inc; 2000;
-
Manual for the AD/HD Rating Scale-IV
. New York: Guilford Press; 1998;
-
.
Early Childhood Symptom Inventory-4 norms manual
. Stony Brook, NY: Checkmate Plus, Ltd; 1997;
- A DSM-IV-referenced screening instrument for preschool children (the Early Childhood Inventory-4) . J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry . 2002;41(5):604–612
-
.
ADHD symptom checklist-4 manual
. Stony Brook, NY: Checkmate Plus, Ltd; 1997;
- Obtaining systematic teacher reports of disruptive behavior disorders utilizing DSM-IV . J Abnorm Child Psychol . 1998;26(2):141–152
- Examination of DSM-IV criteria for attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder in a county-wide sample . J Dev Behav Pediatr . 1998;19(3):162–168
- Psychometric properties of the Vanderbilt ADHD diagnostic parent rating scale in a referred population . J Pediatr Psychol . 2003;28(8):559–567
-
Johnson D. Getting your arms around ADHD: new tools to help pediatricians implement Academy’s recent diagnostic guidelines. AAP News 64;21(2):64.
-
.
School-based assessments and interventions for ADD students
. Irvine, CA: KC Publications; 1992;
- Clinical relevance of the primary findings of the MTA (success rates based on severity of ADHD and ODD symptoms at the end of treatment) . J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry . 2001;40(2):168–179
-
.
The Preschool Age Psychiatric Assessment (PAPA)
(a structured parent interview for diagnosing psychiatric disorders in preschool children)
.
In:
DelCarmen-Wiggins R
, Carter A
editor.
Handbook of Infant, Toddler, and Preschool Mental Health Assessment
. New York: Oxford University Press; 2004;p. 223–243
-
.
The epidemiology of preschool ADHD
(a review)
.
Infants Young Child
. 2005;
(in press)
- . The British Child and Adolescent Mental Health Survey 1999 (the prevalence of DSM-IV disorders) . J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry . 2003;42(10):1203–1211
- Comparison of diagnostic criteria for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in a county-wide sample . J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry . 1996;35(3):319–324
- Prevalence rates and correlates of psychiatric disorders among preschool children . J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry . 1996;35(2):204–214
- DSM-III-R disorders in preschool children from low-income families . J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry . 1997;36(5):620–627
- . Maternal report of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder symptoms in preschool children . Child Care Health Dev . 2000;26(3):163–176 discussion 176-9
- . DSM-IV symptoms in community and clinic preschool children . J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry . 2001;40(12):1383–1392
-
.
Schedule for affective disorders and schizophrenia for school-age children—epidemiologic 4th version
. Ft. Lauderdale, FL: Bova University Center for Psychological Study; 1987;
- . Teacher reports of DSM-IV ADHD, ODD, and CD symptoms in schoolchildren . J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry . 2001;40(2):241–249
-
.
Epidemiology and nosology of ADHD in preschool children
. 2005;
Presented at the annual meeting of the Pediatric Academic Societies, Washington, DC, May
- Attention-deficit-hyperactivity disorder with and without oppositional defiant disorder in 3- to 7-year-old children . Dev Med Child Neurol . 2003;45(10):693–699
- Preschool children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (impairments in behavioral, social, and school functioning) . J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry . 2001;40(5):508–515
-
Relations among emergent literacy skills, behavior problems, and social competence in preschool children from low- and middle-income backgrounds
.
Top Early Child Spec Educ
. 1999;19(1):40–54
- . Promoting language and literacy through reading aloud (the role of the pediatrician) . Curr Probl Pediatr Adolesc Health Care . 2002;32(6):188–202
- . Pragmatic language deficits in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) . Ment Retard Dev Disabil Res Rev . 1999;5(3):207–214
- . Early attention problems and children’s reading achievement (a longitudinal investigation) . J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry . 2000;39(7):859–867
- . Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and preschool children . Semin Speech Lang . 2004;25(3):225–232
-
.
Co-occurrence of externalizing behavior problems and emergent academic difficulties in young high-risk boys
(a preliminary evaluation of patterns and mechanisms)
.
J Appl Dev Psychol
. 1997;18(3):317–330
- . The impact of preschool inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity on social and academic development (a review) . J Child Psychol Psychiatry . 2005;46(7):755–773
- . Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (the most studied and yet most controversial diagnosis) . Ment Retard Dev Disabil Res Rev . 1999;5(3):163–168
- Parent-referred problem three-year-olds (follow-up at school entry) . J Child Psychol Psychiatry . 1986;27(4):473–488
- . Follow-up of hard-to-manage preschoolers (adjustment at age 9 and predictors of continuing symptoms) . J Child Psychol Psychiatry . 1990;31(6):871–889
- A twelve-year follow-up of preschool hyperactive children . J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry . 1991;30(2):224–232
- Preschool behavior problems (stability and factors accounting for change) . J Child Psychol Psychiatry . 1990;31(6):891–909
- Three-year predictive validity of DSM-IV attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children diagnosed at 4-6 years of age . Am J Psychiatry . 2004;161(11):2014–2020
- . A review of the biological bases of ADHD (what have we learned from imaging studies?) . Ment Retard Dev Disabil Res Rev . 2003;9(3):184–195
- Neuropsychological executive functions and DSM-IV ADHD subtypes . J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry . 2002;41(1):59–66
- . How specific is a deficit of executive functioning for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder? . . Behav Brain Res . 2002;130(1-2):3–28
- The top and the bottom of ADHD (a neuropsychological perspective) . Neurosci Biobehav Rev . 2003;27(7):583–592
- . Psychological heterogeneity in AD/HD—a dual pathway model of behaviour and cognition . Behav Brain Res . 2002;130(1-2):29–36
- How specific are executive functioning deficits in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and autism? . J Child Psychol Psychiatry . 2004;45(4):836–854
- . Do executive deficits and delay aversion make independent contributions to preschool attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms? . J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry . 2003;42(11):1335–1342
- . Trick or treat? (uneven understanding of mind and emotion and executive dysfunction in “hard-to-manage” preschoolers) . J Child Psychol Psychiatry . 1998;39(7):981–994
- Pharmacotherapy of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder across the life cycle . J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry . 1996;35(4):409–432
- . Empirically supported psychosocial treatments for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder . J Clin Child Psychol . 1998;27(2):190–205
- . A 14-month randomized clinical trial of treatment strategies for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (Multimodal Treatment Study of Children with ADHD) . Arch Gen Psychiatry . 1999;56(12):1073–1086
- . Moderators and mediators of treatment response for children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (the Multimodal Treatment Study of children with Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder) . Arch Gen Psychiatry . 1999;56(12):1088–1096
- . National Institute of Mental Health Multimodal Treatment Study of ADHD follow-up (24-month outcomes of treatment strategies for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder) . Pediatrics . 2004;113(4):754–761
- . National Institute of Mental Health Multimodal Treatment Study of ADHD follow-up (changes in effectiveness and growth after the end of treatment) . Pediatrics . 2004;113(4):762–769
- Trends in the prescribing of psychotropic medications to preschoolers . JAMA . 2000;283(8):1025–1030
- Patterns of psychotropic medication use in very young children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder . J Dev Behav Pediatr . 2002;23(1):23–30
- . Psychotropic drug use in very young children . JAMA . 2000;283(8):1059–1060
- . Lessons from three year olds . J Dev Behav Pediatr . 2002;23(1 Suppl):S10–S12
- . The use of psychotropic medication in preschoolers (some recent developments) . Can J Psychiatry . 1998;43(6):571–575
- Early methylphenidate administration to young rats causes a persistent reduction in the density of striatal dopamine transporters . J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol . 2001;11(1):15–24
- Methylphenidate treatment during pre- and periadolescence alters behavioral responses to emotional stimuli at adulthood . Biol Psychiatry . 2003;54(12):1317–1329
- . Adolescent exposure to methylphenidate alters the activity of rat midbrain dopamine neurons . Biol Psychiatry . 2003;54(12):1338–1344
- . Enduring behavioral effects of early exposure to methylphenidate in rats . Biol Psychiatry . 2003;54(12):1330–1337
- . Altering the course of neurodevelopment (a framework for understanding the enduring effects of psychotropic drugs) . Int J Dev Neurosci . 2004;22(5-6):423–440
- . ADHD, growth deficits, and relationships to psychostimulant use . Pediatr Rev . 2002;23(2):67–68 discussion 67-8
- . Growth deficits in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder . Pediatrics . 1998;102(2 Pt 3):501–506
- Methylphenidate and growth in hyperactive children. A controlled withdrawal study . Arch Gen Psychiatry . 1988;45(12):1127–1130
- . Hyperactive boys almost grown up. III. Methylphenidate effects on ultimate height . Arch Gen Psychiatry . 1988;45(12):1131–1134
- . Depression of growth in hyperactive children on stimulant drugs . N Engl J Med . 1972;287(5):217–220
- Growth deficits in ADHD children revisited (evidence for disorder-associated growth delays?) . J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry . 1996;35(11):1460–1469
- . The effects of methylphenidate on the interactions of preschool ADHD children with their mothers . J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry . 1988;27(3):336–341
- Effects of age and Ritalin dosage on the mother-child interactions of hyperactive children . J Consult Clin Psychol . 1984;52(5):750–758
- Clinical assessment of psychopharmacological treatment of preschoolers with ADHD . J Clin Exp Neuropsychol . 1998;20(5):613–627
- Evaluation of the relative effectiveness of methylphenidate and cognitive behavior modification in the treatment of kindergarten-aged hyperactive children . J Abnorm Child Psychol . 1981;9(1):43–54
-
.
Controlled trial of methylphenidate in preschool children with minimal brain dysfunction
.
Int J Ment Health
. 1975;4:61–74
- Efficacy of methylphenidate among preschool children with developmental disabilities and ADHD . J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry . 1999;38(7):805–812
- Methylphenidate and ADHD (influence of age, IQ and neurodevelopmental status) . Dev Med Child Neurol . 1994;36(12):1099–1107
- Effects of methylphenidate on preschool children with ADHD (cognitive and behavioral functions) . J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry . 1997;36(10):1407–1415
- Hyperactivity in preschoolers and the effect of methylphenidate . Am J Orthopsychiatry . 1975;45(1):38–50
- A prospective study of stimulant response in preschool children (insights from ROC analyses) . J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry . 2004;43(3):251–259
- Short-term side effects of stimulant medication are increased in preschool children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (a double-blind placebo-controlled study) . J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol . 1998;8(1):13–25
-
Side effects of methylphenidate in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
(a systemic, placebo-controlled evaluation)
.
Pediatrics
. 1990;86(2):184792
- The role of stimulants in the treatment of preschool children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder . CNS Drugs . 2004;18(14):957–966
-
.
A placebo-controlled efficacy study of methylphenidate in ADHD Preschoolers
. 2004;
Presented at the annual meeting of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Washington, DC, October
- Impairment and deportment responses to different methylphenidate doses in children with ADHD (the MTA titration trial) . J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry . 2001;40(2):180–187
- National Institute of Mental Health Collaborative Multimodal Treatment Study of Children with ADHD (the MTA). Design challenges and choices . Arch Gen Psychiatry . 1997;54(9):865–870
- NIMH collaborative multisite multimodal treatment study of children with ADHD: I. Background and rationale . J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry . 1995;34(8):987–1000
- . Clinical practice guideline (treatment of the school-aged child with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder) . Pediatrics . 2001;108(4):1033–1044
- . Practice parameters for the assessment and treatment of children, adolescents, and adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder . J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry . 1997;36(10 Suppl):85S–121S
-
Non-pharmacological interventions for preschool ADHD
(The case for specialized parent training)
.
Infants Young Child
. 2005;
(in press)
- Developing strategies for psychopharmacological studies in preschool children . J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry . 2003;42(4):406–414
- . Psychopharmacology for young children (clinical needs and research opportunities) . Pediatrics . 2001;108(4):983–989
- Academic achievement and emotional status of children with ADHD treated with long-term methylphenidate and multimodal psychosocial treatment . J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry . 2004;43(7):812–819
-
.
Is self-esteem an important outcome in hyperactive children?
.
J Abnorm Child Psychol
. 1995;23(3):
3037–15
- . Reduction of attention deficit and internalizing symptoms in preschoolers through parent-child interaction training . J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry . 1989;28(6):888–896
- . A growth curve analysis of parent training outcomes (examining the influence of child risk factors (inattention, impulsivity, and hyperactivity problems), parental and family risk factors) . J Child Psychol Psychiatry . 2003;44(3):388–398
- Outcome of parent-mediated treatment of preschoolers with attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity . J Consult Clin Psychol . 1989;57(5):628–635
- . Treating children with early-onset conduct problems (intervention outcomes for parent, child, and teacher training) . J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol . 2004;33(1):105–124
- . The effects of the Triple P-Positive Parenting Program on preschool children with co-occurring disruptive behavior and attentional/hyperactive difficulties . J Abnorm Child Psychol . 2002;30(6):571–587
- Parent-based therapies for preschool attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (a randomized, controlled trial with a community sample) . J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry . 2001;40(4):402–408
- Parent training for Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (is it as effective when delivered as routine rather than as specialist care?) . Br J Clin Psychol . 2004;43(4):449–457
- Multi-method psycho-educational intervention for preschool children with disruptive behavior (preliminary results at post-treatment) . J Child Psychol Psychiatry . 2000;41(3):319–332
- . Does maternal ADHD reduce the effectiveness of parent training for preschool children’s ADHD? . J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry . 2002;41(6):696–702
-
.
Early intervention for preschool-age children with ADHD
(a literature review)
.
J Emotion Behav Disord
. 2002;10(1):14–28
- . Large group community-based parenting programs for families of preschoolers at risk for disruptive behaviour disorders (utilization, cost effectiveness, and outcome) . J Child Psychol Psychiatry . 1995;36(7):1141–1159
PII: S1538-5442(05)00112-4
doi: 10.1016/j.cppeds.2005.10.001
© 2006 Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved.
« Previous
Next »
Current Problems in Pediatric and Adolescent Health Care
Volume 36, Issue 1
, Pages 6-30
, January 2006
