Current Problems in Pediatric and Adolescent Health Care
Volume 38, Issue 7 , Pages 204-228 , August 2008

An Update on Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition: A Review of Some Recent Advances

  • Ryan S. Carvalho, MD

      Affiliations

    • Children's Medical Center of Dayton, Wright State Unicersith Boonsshoft School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Dayton, Ohio.
  • ,
  • Sonia Michail, MD

      Affiliations

    • Children's Medical Center of Dayton, Wright State Unicersith Boonsshoft School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Dayton, Ohio.
  • ,
  • Farhat Ashai-Khan, MD

      Affiliations

    • Children's Medical Center of Dayton, Wright State Unicersith Boonsshoft School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Dayton, Ohio.
  • ,
  • Adam G. Mezoff, MD

      Affiliations

    • Children's Medical Center of Dayton, Wright State Unicersith Boonsshoft School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Dayton, Ohio.

References 

  1. Kawahara H, Dent J, Davidson G. Mechanisms responsible for gastroesophageal reflux in children. Gastroenterology. 1997;113(2):399–408
  2. Bothwell M, Phillips J, Bauer S. Upper esophageal pH monitoring of children with the Bravo pH capsule. Laryngoscope. 2004;114(4):786–788
  3. Ravelli AM, Milla PJ. Detection of gastroesophageal reflux by electrical impedance tomography. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 1994;18(2):205–213
  4. Loening-Baucke V. Chronic constipation in children. Gastroenterology. 1993;105:1557–1564
  5. Corazziari E, Staiano A, Miele E. Bowel frequency and defacatory patterns in children: a prospective nationwide survey. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2005;3:1101–1106
  6. Baker SS, Liptak GS, Colletti RB, Croffie JM, Di Lorenzo C, Ector W, et al. Constipation in infants and children: evaluation and treatment (A medical postion statement of the North American Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition). J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 1999;29:612–626
  7. Hyman P, Milla P, Benninga M. Childhood functional gastrointestinal disorders: neonate/toddler. Gastroenterology. 2006;130:1519–1526
  8. Rasquin A, Di Lorenzo C, Forbes D. Childhood functional gastrointerstinal disorders: child/adolescent. Gastroenterology. 2006;130:1527–1537
  9. Hirschsprung H. Stuhltragheit neugeborener un Folge von Dilation and Hypertophie des Colon. Jarhb Kinderheilk. 1888;27:107
  10. Nissan S, Bar-maor J. Further experience in the diagnosis and surgical treatment of idiopathic megacolon. J Pediatr Surg. 1971;6:738–741
  11. Borowitz S, Cox D, Sutphen J, Kovatchev B. Treatment of childhood encopresis: randomized trial comparing three treatment protocols. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2002;34:378–384
  12. Brooks R, Copen R, Cox D. Review of the treatment literature for the encopresis, functional constipation and stool–toileting refusal. Ann Behav Med. 2000;22:260–267
  13. Ingebo K, Heyman M. Polyethylene glycol-electrolyte solution for intestinal clearance in children with refractory encopresis (A safe and effective therapuetic program). Am J Dis Child. 1988;142:340–342
  14. Dupont C, Leluyer B, Maamri N. Double-blind randomized evaluation of the clinical and biological tolerance of polyethylene glyco 4000 versus lactulose in constipated children. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2005;41:625–633
  15. Gremse D, Hixon J, Crutchfield A. Comparison of the polyethylene glycol 3350 and lactulose for the treatment of chronic constipation in children. Clin Pediatr (Phila). 2002;41:225–229
  16. Michail S, Gendy E, Preudhomme D, Mezoff A. Polyethylene glycol for constipation in children younger the 18 months old. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2004;39:197–199
  17. Gold D, Levine J, Weinstein T. Frequency of digital rectal examination in children with chronic constipation. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 1999;153:377–379
  18. Bellomo-Brandao MA, Collares EF, da-Costa-Pinto EA. Use of erythomycin for the treatment of severe chronic constipation in children. Braz J Med Biol Res. 2003;36(10):1391–1396
  19. Youssef N, Barksdale E, Griffiths J, et al. Management of intractable constipation with antegrade enemas in neurologically intact children. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2002;34:402–405
  20. Mousa H, Van den Berg M, Caniano D. Cecostomy in children with defecation disorders. Dig Dis Sci. 2006;51:154–160
  21. Rivera M, Kugathasan S, Berger W. Percutaneous colonoscopic cecostomy for the management of chronic constipation. Gastrointest Endosc. 2006;53:225–228
  22. Van Ginkel R, Reitsma J, Buller H. Childhood constipation: longitudinal follow up beyond puberty. Gastroenterology. 2003;125:357–363
  23. Loening-Baucke V. Encopresis. Curr Opin Pediatr. 2002;14:570–575
  24. Voskuijl WP, Reitsma JB, van Ginkel R, Büller HA, Taminiau JA, Benninga MA. Longitudinal follow-up of children with functional nonretentive fecal incontinence. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2006;4(1):67–72
  25. Staiano A, Andreotti M, Greco L. Long term follow up of children with the chronic idiopathic constipation. Dig Dis Sci. 1994;39:561–564
  26. Starfield B, Hockelman R, Mc Cormick M. Who provides health care to children and adolescents in the United States?. Pediatrics. 1984;74:991–997
  27. Hyams JS, Burke G, Davis PM, Rzepski B, Andrulonis PA. Abdominal pain and irritable bowel syndrome in adolescents: a community-based study. J Pediatr. 1996;129:220–226
  28. Apley J. The child with recurrent abdominal pain. Pediatr Clin North Am. 1967;14:63–72
  29. American Academy of Pediatrics, Subcommittee on Chronic Abdominal Pain. Hepatology and Nutrition (Chronic abdominal pain in children). Pediatrics. 2005;115:370–381
  30. Cooke HJ. Role of the “little brain” in the gut in water and electrolyte homeostasis. FASEB. 1989;3:127–138
  31. Drossman DA, Camilleri M, Mayer EA, Whitehead WE. Technical review on irritable bowel syndrome. Gastroenterology. 2002;123:2108–2131
  32. Di Lorenzo C, Youssef NN, Sigurdsson L, Scharff L, Gritffiths J, Wald A. Visercal hyperlgesia in children with functional abdominal pain. J Pediatr. 2001;139:838–843
  33. Youssef NN, Atienza K, Langseder AL, Strauss RS. Chronic abdominal pain and depressive symptoms: analysis of the national longitudinal study of adolescent health. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2008;6:329–332
  34. Langhorst J, Elsenbruch S, Koelzer J, Rueffer A, Michalsen A, Dobos GJ. Noninvasive markers in the assessment of intestinal inflammation in inflammatory bowel diseases: performance of fecal lactoferrin, calprotectin, and PMN-elastase, CRP, and clinical indices. Am J Gastroenterol. 2008;103:162–169
  35. Cremonini F, Talley NJ. Diagnostic and therapeutic strategies in the irritable bowel syndrome. Minerva Med. 2004;95:427–441
  36. Talley NJ, Spiller R. Irritable bowel syndrome: a little understood organic bowel disease?. Lancet. 2002;360:555–564
  37. McLellan F. Obesity rising to alarming levels around the world. Lancet Infect Dis. 2002;359:1412
  38. Schauer PR, Ikramuddin S, Gourash W, et al. Outcomes after laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass for morbid obesity. Ann Surg. 2000;232:515–529
  39. Kellum JM, DeMaria EJ, Sugarman HJ. The surgical treatment of morbid obesity. Curr Probl Surg. 1998;35:791–858
  40. Andersom AE, Soper RT, Scott DH. Gastric bypass for morbid obesity in children and adolescents. J Pediatr Surg. 1980;15:876–881
  41. Strauss RS, Bradley LJ, Brolin RE. Gastric bypass surgery in adolescents with morbid obesity. J Pediatr. 2001;138:499–504
  42. Thomas H, Inge NFK, Garcia VF, et al. Bariatric surgery for severely overweight adolescents: concerns and recommendations. Pediatrics. 2004;114(1):217–223
  43. Holterman AX, Brown A, Dillard BE, Tussing L, Gorodner V, Stahl C, et al. Short-term outcome in the first 10 morbidly obese adolescent patients in the FDA-approved trial for laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2007;45(4):465–473
  44. Nadler EP, Youn HA, Ren CJ, Fielding GA. An update on 73 US obese pediatric patients treated with laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding: comorbidity resolution and compliance data. J Pediatr Surg. 2008;43(1:141–146
  45. Mearin L. Celiac disease among children and adolescents. Curr Probl Pediatr Adolesc Health Care. 2007;37(3):81–112
  46. Day TK. Intestinal perforation associated with osmotic slow release indomethacin capsules. BMJ. 1983;287:1671–1672
  47. Nagaraj HS, Sandhu AS, Cook LN, et al. Gastrointestinal perforation following indomethacin therapy in very low birth weight infants. J Pediatr Surg. 1981;16:1003–1007
  48. Bjarnason I, Hayllar J, MacPherson AJ, Russell AS. Side effects of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs on the small and large intestine in humans. Gastroenterology. 1993;104:1832–1847
  49. Cryer B. Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs and Gastrointestinal Disease (Sleisenger & Fordtran's Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease: Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Management. Vol). In: 16th edition. Philadelphia (PA): WB Saunders Company; 1998;p. 343–357
  50. Kaufmann HJ, Taubin HL. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs activate quiescent inflammatory bowel disease. Ann Intern Med. 1987;107:513–516
  51. WHO. Diarrhoeal disease control (Persistent diarrhoea in children). Geneva: World Health Organization; 1987;
  52. Cuffari C. Inflammatory bowel disease in children: a pediatrician's perspective. Minerva Pediatr. 2006;58(2):139–157
  53. Carvalho RS, Hyams J. Diagnosis and management of inflammatory bowel disease in children. Semin Pediatr Surg. 2007;16(3):164–171
  54. Beattie RM, Walker-Smith J, Murch SH. Indications for investigation of chronic gastrointestinal symptoms. Arch Dis Child. 1995;73(4):354–355
  55. Mack D, Hyams J, Markowitz J, et al: Laboratory parameters in children with inflammatory bowel disease at diagnosis. Presented at the World Congress of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition. 2004.
  56. Bunn SK, Bisset WM, Main MJ, Golden BE. Fecal calprotectin as a measure of disease activity in childhood inflammatory bowel disease. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2001;32(2):171–177
  57. Desir B, Amre DK, Lu SE, et al. Utility of serum antibodies in determining clinical course in pediatric Crohn's disease. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2004;2(2):139–146
  58. Dubinsky MC, Offman JJ, Urman M, Targan SR, Seidman EG. Clinical utility of serodiagnostic testing in suspected pediatric inflammatory bowel disease. Am J Gastroenterol. 2001;96(3):758–765
  59. Dubinsky MC, Lin YC, Dutridge D, et al. Serum immune responses predict rapid disease progression among children with Crohn's disease. Am J Gastroenterol. 2006;101:360–367
  60. Sabery N, Bass D. Use of serologic markers as a screening tool in inflammatory bowel disease compared with elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate and anemia. Pediatrics. 2007;119(1):193–199
  61. Triester SL, Leighton JA, Leontiadis GI, et al. A meta-analysis of the yield of capsule endoscopy compared to other diagnostic modalities in patients with non-stricturing small bowel Crohn's disease. Am J Gastroenterol. 2006;101(5):954–964
  62. Pallotta N, Tomei E, Viscido A, et al. Small intestine contrast ultrasonography: an alternative to radiology in the assessment of small bowel disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2005;11(2):146–153
  63. Godefroy C, Pilleul F, Dugougeat F, et al. Value of contrast-enhanced MR enterography in pediatric Crohn's disease: preliminary study. J Radiol. 2005;86(11):1685–1692
  64. Bodily KD, Flethcher JG, Solem CA, et al. Crohn disease: mural attenuation and thickness at contrast-enhanced CT enterography—correlation with endoscopic and histologic findings of inflammation. Radiology. 2006;238(2):505–516
  65. Sutherland L, MacDonald JK. Oral 5-aminosalicylic acid for induction of remission in ulcerative colitis (Cochrane Review). The Cochrane Library. 2004;2:
  66. Sutherland L, Roth D, Beck P, et al. Oral 5-aminosalicylic acid for maintenance of remission in ulcerative colitis (Cochrane Review). The Cochrane Library. 2004;2:
  67. Hyams J, Markowitz J, Lerer T, et al. The natural history of corticosteroid therapy for ulcerative colitis in children. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2006;4(9):1118–1123
  68. Markowitz J, Hyams J, Mack D, et al. Corticosteroid therapy in the age of infliximab: acute and 1-year outcomes in newly diagnosed children with Crohn's disease. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2006;4(9):1124–1129
  69. Rutgeerts P, Van Assche G, Vermeire S. Optimizing anti-TNF treatment in inflammatory bowel disease. Gastroenterology. 2004;126(6):1593–1610
  70. Gionchetti P, Rizzello F, Lammers KM, et al. Antibiotics and probiotics in treatment of inflammatory bowel disease. World J Gastroenterol. 2006;12(21):3306–3313
  71. Bahandari N, Bhan NK, Sazawal S, et al. Association of antecedent malnutrition with persistent diarrhoea: a case control study. BMJ. 1989;298:1284–1287
  72. Karim AS, Akhter S, Rahman MA, et al. Assessment of preclinical vitamin A deficiency in children with persistent diarrhea. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2001;13:168–175
  73. Usha N, Sankaranarayanan A, Walia BN, et al. Assessment of preclinical vitamin A deficiency in children with persistent diarrhea. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 1991;13:168–175
  74. Gomez-Morales MA, Aussielb CM, Guarino A, et al. Severe, protracted intestinal cryptosporidiosis associated with interferongamma deficiency: a pediatric case. Clin Infect Dis. 1996;22:848–850
  75. Lanata CF, Black R, Maurtua D, et al. Etiologic agents in acute vs persistent diarrhea in children under three years of age in peri-urban Lima, Peru. Acta Paediatr Scand. 1992;381:32–38
  76. Okeke IN, Nataro JP. Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli. Lancet Infect Dis. 2001;1:304–313
  77. Ogden CL, Flegal KM, Carroll MD, Johnson CL. Prevalence and trends in overweight among US children and adolescents, 1999-2000. JAMA. 2002;288:1728–1732
  78. Borowitz SM. Ulcerative esophagitis (A rare source of upper gastrointestinal bleeding in a neonate. Use of fiberoptic endoscopy for diagnosis). Clin Pediatr (Phila). 1989;28(2):89–91
  79. Lazzaroni M, Petrillo M, Tornaghi R, Massironi E, Sainaghi M, Principi N, et al. Upper GI bleeding in healthy full-term infants: a case-control study. Am J Gastroenterol. 2002;97(1):89–94
  80. Li Voti G, Aciemo C, Tulone V, Cataliotti F. Relationship between upper gastrointestinal bleeding and non steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in children. Pediatr Surg Int 12. 1997;4(4):264–265
  81. Khuroo MS, Yattoo G, Javid G, Khan BA, Shah AA, Gulzar GM, et al. A comparison of omeprazole and placebo for bleeding peptic ulcer. N Engl J Med. 1997;10(336):1054–1058
  82. Sung JJ, Chan FK, Lau JY, Yung MY, Leung WK, Wu JC, et al. The effect of endoscopic therapy in patients receiving omeprazole for bleeding ulcers with nonbleeding visible vessels or adherent clots: a randomized comparison. Ann Intern Med. 2003;19(139):4
  83. Coffin B, Pocard M, Panis Y, Riche F, Lainé MJ, Bitoun A, et al. Groupe des endoscopistes de garde á l'AP-HP (Erythromycin improves the quality of EGD in patients with acute upper GI bleeding: a randomized controlled study). Gastrointest Endosc. 2002;56(2):174–179
  84. Lin HJ, Wang K, Peng CL, et al. Early or delayed endoscopy for patients with peptic ulcer bleeding. J Clin Gastroenterol. 1996;22:261–271
  85. Adler DG, Leighton JA, Davila RE, Hirota WK, Jacobson BC, Qureshi WA, et al. ASGE guideline: the role of endoscopy in acute non-variceal upper-GI hemorrhage. Gastrointest Endosc. 2004;60(4):497–504
  86. Stevens PD, Lebwohl O. Hypertensive emergency and ventricular tachycardia after endoscopic epinephrine injection of a Mallory-Weiss tear. Gastrointest Endosc. 1994;40(1):77–78
  87. Kay MH, Wyllie R. Therapeutic endoscopy for nonvariceal gastrointestinal bleeding. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2007;45(2):157–171
  88. Gralnek IM, Jensen DM, Kovacs TO, Jutabha R, Jensen ME, Cheng S, et al. An economic analysis of patients with active arterial peptic ulcer hemorrhage treated with endoscopic heater probe, injection sclerosis, or surgery in a prospective, randomized trial. Gastrointest Endosc. 1997;46(2):105–112
  89. Yamaguchi Y, Yamato T, Katsumi N, Morozumi K, Abe T, Ishida H, et al. Endoscopic hemoclipping for upper GI bleeding due to Mallory-Weiss syndrome. Gastrointest Endosc. 2001;53(4):427–430
  90. Lo CC, Hsu PI, Lo GH, Morozumi K, Abe T, Ishida H, et al. Comparison of hemostatic efficacy for epinephrine injection alone and injection combined with hemoclip therapy in treating high-risk bleeding ulcers. Gastrointest Endosc. 2006;63(6):767–773
  91. Grund KE, Store KD. Endoscopic argon plasma coagulation, first clinical experience in flexible endoscopy. Endosc Surg. 1994;242–246
  92. Khalid K. Argon plasma coagulation clinical experience in pediatric patients. Gastrointest Endosc. 2003;57(1):
  93. Fox V. Gastro intestinal bleeding in infancy and childhood. Gastroenterol Clinic North Am. 2000;29:37–66
  94. Franzin G, Zamboni G, Scarpa A. Polyposis syndromes. In:  Whitehead R editors. Gastrointestinal and Oesophageal Pathology. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone; 1995;p. 892–909
  95. Giardiello FM, Hamilton SR, Kern SE, et al. Colorectal neoplasia in juvenile polyposis or juvenile polyps. Arch Dis Child. 1991;66:971–975
  96. Michail S, Abernathy F. Lactobacillus plantarum inhibits the intestinal epithelial migration of neutrophils induced by enteropathogenic Escherichia coli. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2003;36(3):385–391
  97. Etemad B, Whitcomb DC. Chronic pancreatitis: diagnosis, classification and newer genetic developments. Gastroenterology. 2001;120:682–707
  98. Grendall JH. Genetic factors in pancreatitis. Curr Gastroenterol Rep. 2003;5:105–109
  99. Sweeney JT, Uhlrich CD. Genetics of pancreatic disease. Clin Perspect Gastroenterol. 2002;March/April:110–116
  100. Whitcomb DC. Hereditary pancreatitis. In:  Yamada T,  Albers DH,  Aine L, et al. editor. Textbook of Gastroenterology. Philadelphia (PA): Lippincott Williams; 2003;
  101. Ellis I, Lerch MM, Whicomb DC. Genetic testing for hereditary pancreatitis: guidelines for indication, counselling, consent and privacy issues. Pancreatology. 2001;1:401–411
  102. Witt H, Luck W, Becher M, et al. Mutation in the SPINK 1 trypsin inhibitor gene, alcohol use and chronic pancreatitis. JAMA. 2001;285:2716–2717
  103. Lee J, Seto D, Bielory L. Meta-analysis of clinical trials of probiotics for prevention and treatment of pediatric atopic dermatitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2008;121(1):116–121e111
  104. Osborn DA, Sinn JK. Probiotics in infants for prevention of allergic disease and food hypersensitivity. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2007;(4):CD006475
  105. Szajewska H, Skorka A, Ruszczynski M, Gieruszczak-Bialek D. Meta-analysis: lactobacillus GG for treating acute diarrhoea in children. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2007;25(8):871–881
  106. Barclay AR, Stenson B, Simpson JH, Weaver LT, Wilson DC. Probiotics for necrotizing enterocolitis: a systematic review. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2007;45(5):569–576
  107. Deshpande G, Rao S, Patole S. Probiotics for prevention of necrotising enterocolitis in preterm neonates with very low birthweight: a systematic review of randomised controlled trials. Lancet. 2007;369(9573):1614–1620
  108. Gupta P, Andrew H, Kirschner BS, Guandalini S. Is lactobacillus GG helpful in children with Crohn's disease? (Results of a preliminary, open-label study). J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2000;31(4):453–457
  109. Bousvaros A, Guandalini S, Baldassano RN, et al. A randomized, double-blind trial of Lactobacillus GG versus placebo in addition to standard maintenance therapy for children with Crohn's disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2005;11(9):833–839
  110. Elahi B, Nikfar S, Derakhshani S, Vafaie M, Abdollahi M. On the benefit of probiotics in the management of pouchitis in patients underwent ileal pouch anal anastomosis: a meta-analysis of controlled clinical trials. Dig Dis Sci. 2007;
  111. Bausserman M, Michail S. The use of Lactobacillus GG in irritable bowel syndrome in children: a double-blind randomized control trial. J Pediatr. 2005;147(2):197–201
  112. Gawronska A. A randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial of Lactobacillus GG for abdominal pain disorders in children. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2007;25(2):177–184
  113. Zachos M, Tondeur M, Griffiths AM. Enteral nutritional therapy for induction of remission in Crohn's disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2007;1:CD000542
  114. Kuitunen P, Visakorpi JK, Savilahti E, Pelkonen P. Malabsorption syndrome with cow's milk intolerance (Clinical findings and course in 54 cases). Arch Dis Child. 1975;50(5):351–356
  115. Maloney J, Nowak-Wegrzyn A. Educational clinical case series for pediatric allergy and immunology: allergic proctocolitis, food protein-induced enterocolitis syndrome and allergic eosinophilic gastroenteritis with protein-losing gastroenteropathy as manifestations of non-IgE-mediated cow's milk allergy. Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 2007;18(4):360–367
  116. Kagalwalla AF. Cow's milk protein-induced eosinophilic esophagitis in a child with gluten-sensitive enteropathy. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2007;44(3):386–388
  117. Moissidis I. Milk-induced pulmonary disease in infants (Heiner syndrome). Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 2005;16(6):545–552
  118. Lee SK. Cow's milk-induced pulmonary disease in children. Adv Pediatr. 1978;25:39–57
  119. Cirgin Ellett ML. What is known about infant colic?. Gastroenterol Nurs. 2003;26(2):60–65
  120. Rona RJ. The prevalence of food allergy: a meta-analysis. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2007;120(3):638–646
  121. Friedman NJ, Zeiger RS. The role of breast-feeding in the development of allergies and asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2005;115(6):1238–1248
  122. Zeiger RS, Sampson HA, Bock SA, et al. Soy allergy in infants and children with IgE-associated cow's milk allergy. J Pediatr. 1999;134(5):614–622
  123. Powell GK. Milk- and soy-induced enterocolitis of infancy (Clinical features and standardization of challenge). J Pediatr. 1978;93(4):553–560
  124. Powell GK. Enterocolitis in low-birth-weight infants associated with milk and soy protein intolerance. J Pediatr. 1976;88(5):840–844
  125. Hill DJ, Cameron DJ, Francis DE, Gonzalez-Andaya AM, Hosking CS. Challenge confirmation of late-onset reactions to extensively hydrolyzed formulas in infants with multiple food protein intolerance. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1995;96(3):386–394
  126. Saylor JD, Bahna SL. Anaphylaxis to casein hydrolysate formula. J Pediatr. 1991;118(1):71–74
  127. Isseman RM, Hewson S, Pirhonen D, Taylor W, Tirosh A. Are chronic digestive complaints the result of abnormal dietary patterns? (Diet and digestive complaints in children at 22 and 40 months of age). Am J Child. 1987;141(6):679–682
  128. Agostoni C. Probiotic bacteria in dietetic products for infants: a commentary by the ESPGHAN Committee on Nutrition. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2004;38(4):365–374
  129. Fanaro S, Chierici R, Guerrini P, Vigi V. Intestinal microflora in early infancy: composition and development. Acta Paediatr Suppl. 2003;91(441):48–55
  130. Benno Y, Sawada K, Mitsuoka T. The intestinal microflora of infants: composition of fecal flora in breast-fed and bottle-fed infants. Microbiol Immunol. 1984;28(9):975–986
  131. Agostoni C, Axelsson I, Goulet O, et al. Prebiotic oligosaccharides in dietetic products for infants: a commentary by the ESPGHAN Committee on Nutrition. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2004;39(5):465–473
  132. Nelson SP, Chen EH, Syniar GM, Christoffel KK. Prevalence of symptoms of gastroesophageal reflux during infancy (A pediatric practice-based survey. Pediatric Practice Research Group). Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 1997;151(6):569–572
  133. Mow W, Lo S, Targan S, et al. Initial experience with wirlesss capsule endosccopy in the diagnosis and management of inflammatory bowel disease. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2004;2:31–40
  134. Hartmann D, Schilling D, Bolz G, Reimann J. Capsule endoscopy (Technical impact, benefits and limitations). Langenbecks Arch Surg. 2004;389:225–233
  135. Kavin H, Berman J, Martin T, et al. Sucessful wireless capsule endoscopy for a 2.5 year old child: obscure gastrointestinal bleeding from mixed juvenile capillary hemangioma-angiomatosis of the jejunum. Pediatrics. 2006;117:539–543
  136. Cave D, Lengnani P, de Franchis R, et al. ICCE Consensus for capsule retention. Endoscopy. 2005;37(10):1065–1067
  137. Thomson MF-R, Mylonaki M, et al. Wireless capsule endoscopy in children: a study to assess diagnostic yield in small bowel disease in paediatric patients. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2007;44:192–197
  138. Sharmir R, Fritscher-Ravens A, Hartman C, et al. Wireless video capsule endoscopy in pediatric patients with functional adbominal pain. JPGN. 2007;44:45–50
  139. Barden E, Nadler M, Chowers Y, et al. Capsule endoscopy for the evaluation of patients with chronic abdominal pain. Endoscopy. 2003;35:688–689
  140. Petroniene R, Dubanco E, Baker JP, et al. Given capsule endoscopy in celiac disease: evaluation of diagnostic accuracy and interobserver agreement. Am J Gastroenterol. 2005;100:685–694
  141. Rondonotti E, Spada C, Cave D, et al. Video capsule enteroscopy in the diagnosis of celiac disease: a multicenter study. Am J Gastroenterol. 2007;102(8):1624–1631
  142. Arguelles-Arias F, Caunedo A, Romero J. The value of capsule endoscopy in pediatric patients with a suspicion of Crohn's Disease. Endoscopy. 2004;36(10):869–873
  143. Vonderholzer W, Ortner M, Rogalla P. Diagnostic yield of wireless capsule endoscopy in the camparison with computed tomography enteroclysis. Endoscopy. 2003;35(12):1009–1014
  144. Leighton J, Legnani P, Seidman E. Role of capsule endoscopy in imflammatory bowel disease: where we are and where we are going. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2007;13:331–337
  145. Pennazio M, Eisen G, Goldfarb N. ICCE consensus for obscure gastrointestinal bleeding. Endoscopy. 2005;37(10):1046–1050
  146. Stunniolo G, Di Leo V, Vettoratto M. Small bowel exploration by wireless capsule endoscopy: results from 314 procedures. Am J Med. 2006;119:341–347
  147. Jones B, Fleischer D, Sharma V. Yield of repeat video capsule endoscopy in patients with obscure gastrointestional bleeding. Am J Gastroenterol. 2005;100:1058–1064
  148. Preudhomme DL, Michail S, Hodges C, Milliken T, Mezoff AG. Use of wireless capsule endoscopy in the management of severe Henoch Shoenlein Purpura. Pediatrics. 2006;118:e904–e906
  149. Silbermintz A, Sahdev I, Moy L. Capsule endoscopy as a diagnostic tool in the evaluation of graft-vs host disease. Pediatr Transplant. 2006;(10):252–254
  150. Mezoff AG, Preudhomme D, Hodges C, Milliken T, Michail S. Capsule endoscopy in the pediatric patients with hamartomatous polyp syndromes. J Pediatr Gastroenterol. 2006;42:240–242
  151. Caspari R, Von Faulkenhausen M, Krautmacher C. Comparison of the capsule endoscopy and magnetic resonanance imaging for the detection of polyps of the small intestine in patients with familiar adenomatous polyposis or with Peutz-Jergher syndrome. Endoscopy. 2004;36(12):1054–1059
  152. Schulmann K, Hollerbach S, Kraus K. Feasibility and diagnostic utility of the video capsule endoscopy for the detection of small bowel pylops in patients with polypopsis syndromes. Am J Gastroenterol. 2005;100:27–37
  153. Yoshida T, Inoue H, Usui S, Satodate H, Fukami N, Kudo SE. Narrow band imaging with magnifying endoscopy for superficial esophageal lesions. Gastrointest Endosc. 2004;59(2):
  154. Siegel LM, Stevens PD, Lightdale CJ, Green PH, Goodman S, Garcia-Carrasquillo RJ, et al. Combined magnification endoscopy with chromoendoscopy in the evaluation of patients with suspected malabsorption. Gastrointest Endosc. 1997;46:226
  155. Matsumoto T, Nakamura S, Jo Y, Yao T, Iida M. Chromoendoscopy might improve diagnostic accuracy in cancer surveillance for ulcerative colitis. Am J Gastroenterol. 2003;98:1827
  156. Amano Y, Kuchiyama Y, Ishihara S, Yuki T, Miyaoka Y, Yoshino N, et al. Crystal violet chromoendoscopy with mucosal pit pattern diagnosis is useful for surveillance of short segment Barrett's esophagus. Am J Gastroenterol. 2005;100:21
  157. Khan K. High-resolution EUS to differentiate hypertrophic pyloric stenosis. Gastro Intest Endosc. 2008;67(2):375–376
  158. Waye JD. Endoscopic retrograde cholangeopancreatography in infant. Am J Gastroenterol. 1976;65:461–463
  159. Kato S, Kamagata S, Asakura T, Ozawa K, Nio M, Ohi R, et al. A newly developed small caliber video duoendo for endoscopic retrograde cholongiopancratography in children. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2003;37(2):173–176
  160. Guelrud M, Jaén D, Mendoza S, Torres P. Usefulness of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography in diagnosis of choledochal cysts in children. GEN. 1989;43(1):9–12
  161. Guelrud M, Mendoza S, Jaen D, Plaz J, Machuca J, Torres P. ERCP and endoscopic sphincterotomy in infants and children with jaundice due to common bile duct stones. Gastrointest Endosc. 1992;38(4):450–453

PII: S1538-5442(08)00052-7

doi: 10.1016/j.cppeds.2008.06.002

Current Problems in Pediatric and Adolescent Health Care
Volume 38, Issue 7 , Pages 204-228 , August 2008